Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)
Evaluation of In Vitro Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) Properties of Mitragynine, 7-Hydroxymitragynine, and Mitraphylline CSV JSON

Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) is a popular herb in Southeast Asia, which is traditionally used to treat withdrawal symptoms associated with opiate ad- diction. Mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and mitraphylline are reported to be the central nervous system active alkaloids which bind to the opiate receptors. Mitraphylline is also present in the bark of Uncaria tomentosa (catʼs claw). Several therapeutic properties have been reported for these compounds but limited information is available on the absorption and distribution properties. This study focuses on evaluating the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of these compounds and their effect on major efflux transporter P-glycoprotein, using in vitro methods. Quantitative analysis was performed by the Q‐TOF LC‐MS system. Mitragynine was unstable in simulated gastric fluid with 26% degradation but stable in simulated intestinal fluid. 7-Hydroxymitragynine degraded up to 27% in simulated gastric fluid, which could account for its conversion to mitragynine (23%), while only 6% degradation was seen in simulated intestinal fluid. Mitraphylline was stable in simulated gastric fluid but unstable in simulated intes- tinal fluid (13.6% degradation). Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine showed moderate permeability across Caco-2 and MDR-MDCK monolayers with no significant efflux. However, mitraphylline was subjected to efflux mediated by P-glycoprotein in both Caco-2 and MDR-MDCK monolayers. Mitragynine was found to be metabolically stable in both human liver microsomes and S9 fractions. In contrast, both 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitraphylline were metabolized by human liver microsomes with half-lives of 24 and 50min, re-
spectively. All three compounds exhibited high plasma protein binding (>90%) determined by equilibrium dialysis. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine inhibited P-glycoprotein with EC50 values of 18.2 ± 3.6 μM and 32.4 ± 1.9 μM, respectively, determined by the calcein-AM fluorescent assay, while no inhibition was seen with mitra- phylline. These data indicate the possibility of a drug interaction if mitragynine and 7-hydroxy- mitragynine are coadministered with drugs that are P-glycoprotein substrates.

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)

24841968

373122811

1 . 7-Hydroxymitragynine P-gp Inhibition (id=NPDI-_5ld1Q)

In Vitro Transporter Inhibition Experiment

Inhibition was detected.  Cutoff used —

EC50 positive control verapamil (22.3± 1.4 μM)

calcein-am

7-hydroxymitragynine

  • P-gp (ABCB1)

Transfected / siRNA knock-out / injected cells MDCK transfected cells

Results

positive control verapamil (22.3± 1.4 μM)

Fig 1S (with exact values in text pg 574)

Sample Compound measured Value Measurement Study sequence Additional information N replicates

Experimental Conditions

Cell Culture Conditions

70 000 cells/well

200 μL

Transwell

2

30-42

Viability and Function

>1100 ohm/cm2

TEER measurements and Ly permeability.

Assay Conditions

120 min

37 deg C

7.4

5 uM

5 uM

ChromaDex

2 . Inhibition of P-gp by Mitragynine (id=NPDI-mJ7zbw)

In Vitro Transporter Inhibition Experiment

Inhibition was detected.  Cutoff used —

positive control verapamil (22.3± 1.4 μM)

calcein-am

mitragynine

  • P-gp (ABCB1)

Transfected / siRNA knock-out / injected cells MDCK transfected cells

Results

positive control verapamil (22.3± 1.4 μM)


Fig 1S (with exact values in text pg 574)

Sample Compound measured Value Measurement Study sequence Additional information N replicates

Experimental Conditions

Cell Culture Conditions

70 000 cells/well

200 μL

Transwell

2

30-42

Viability and Function

>1100 ohm/cm2

TEER measurements and Ly permeability.

Assay Conditions

120 min

37 deg C

7.4

5 uM

5 uM

ChromaDex

1 . Mitraphylline P-gp transport kinetics (id=NPDI-ruor3g)

In Vitro Transporter Kinetics Experiment

Transport Activity was detected.  Cutoff used — ER of 2

mitraphylline

  • P-gp (ABCB1)

Cell system Caco-2 cells

Results

ER for 10 uM is 3.4
p<0.001
(Table 3)

Sample Compound measured Value Measurement Study sequence Additional information N replicates

Experimental Conditions

Cell Culture Conditions

70 000 cells/well

200 μL

Transwell

2

30–42

Viability and Function

>400 ohm/cm2

TEER measurements and Ly permeability.

Assay Conditions

120 min

37 deg C

7.4

5,10 uM

2 . Mitraphylline p-gp transport kinetics MDCK (id=NPDI-2HCqSQ)

In Vitro Transporter Kinetics Experiment

Transport Activity was detected.  Cutoff used — ER of 2

mitraphylline

  • P-gp (ABCB1)

Transfected / siRNA knock-out / injected cells MDCK transfected cells

Results

p<0.001
ER for 10 uM was 5.9 also significant
(Table 4)

Sample Compound measured Value Measurement Study sequence Additional information N replicates

Experimental Conditions

Cell Culture Conditions

70 000 cells/well

200 μL

Transwell

2

30–42

Viability and Function

>1100 ohm/cm2

TEER measurements and Ly permeability.

Assay Conditions

120 min

37 deg C

7.4

5,10 uM

3 . 7-Hydroxymitragynine p-gp transport kinetics MDCK (id=NPDI-iGAFkQ)

In Vitro Transporter Kinetics Experiment

No Transport Activity was detected.  Cutoff used — 2

7-hydroxymitragynine

  • P-gp (ABCB1)

Transfected / siRNA knock-out / injected cells MDCK transfected cells

Results

ER for 10 uM also 1.2
(Table 4)

Sample Compound measured Value Measurement Study sequence Additional information N replicates

Experimental Conditions

Cell Culture Conditions

7 x 10^4 cells/well

200 μL

Transwell

2

30–42

Viability and Function

>1100 ohm/cm2

TEER measurements and Ly permeability.

Assay Conditions

120 min

37 deg C

7.4

5,10 uM

4 . 7-hyrdoxymitragynine P-gp Transport kinetics (id=NPDI-TjrSew)

In Vitro Transporter Kinetics Experiment

No Transport Activity was detected.  Cutoff used — ER of 2

7-hydroxymitragynine

  • P-gp (ABCB1)

Cell system Caco-2 cells

Results

ER for 10 uM also 1.2
(Table 3)

Sample Compound measured Value Measurement Study sequence Additional information N replicates

Experimental Conditions

Cell Culture Conditions

70 000 cells/well

200 μL

Transwell

2

30–42

Viability and Function

>400 ohm/cm2

TEER measurements and Ly permeability.

Assay Conditions

120 min

37 deg C

7.4

5,10 uM

5 . Mitragynine p-gp transport kinetics MDCK (id=NPDI-yG9O9A)

In Vitro Transporter Kinetics Experiment

No Transport Activity was detected.  Cutoff used — ER of 2

mitragynine

  • P-gp (ABCB1)

Transfected / siRNA knock-out / injected cells MDCK transfected cells

Results

ER for 10 uM also 1.1
(Table 4)

Sample Compound measured Value Measurement Study sequence Additional information N replicates

Experimental Conditions

Cell Culture Conditions

70 000 cells/well

200 μL

Transwell

2

30–42

Viability and Function

>1100 ohm/cm2

TEER measurements and Ly permeability.

Assay Conditions

120 min

37 deg C

7.4

5,10 uM

6 . Mitragynine P-gp transport activity (id=NPDI-2VLnZA)

In Vitro Transporter Kinetics Experiment

No Transport Activity was detected.  Cutoff used — ER of 2

mitragynine

  • P-gp (ABCB1)

Cell system Caco-2 cells

Results

Results above for 5 uM
ER for 10 uM values reported: 1.1 N=3
(Table 3)

Sample Compound measured Value Measurement Study sequence Additional information N replicates

Experimental Conditions

Cell Culture Conditions

70 000 cells/well

200 μL

Transwell

2

30–42

Viability and Function

>400 ohm/cm2

TEER measurements and Ly permeability.

Assay Conditions

120 min

37 deg C

7.4

5,10 uM